The Dakota Pipeline Project Structural Racism Essay

The early United States settlers exemplified structural racism through Manifest Destiny and it has now become the main issue within the Dakota Pipeline project. Structural racism is the unjust treatment of minorities by the Government. It is important to understand the past to show how unchanging government policies continue to discriminate against Native Americans. The current debate of whether the Dakota Pipeline is a legal and fair installation goes beyond the oil industry and ultimately addresses the much larger issue of Native American rights. The US government historically exercised structural racism of Native Americans and continually manipulates their culture and property rights, as evidenced today by the Dakota Pipeline. The Energy Transfer Partners wants to install the Dakota Pipeline near the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, but the Sioux tribe is fighting to stop the installation of the pipeline to preserve their culture and assert their right to the property. The Dakota Pipeline is an oil pipeline that would transport oil from North Dakota through South Dakota and Iowa into Illinois. The Dakota Pipeline should not be installed because it disrespects the Native Americans’ culture and discriminates against The Sioux, a minority within the United States. The unjust treatment of Native Americans is due to the government’s disregard for Native American property rights and the government’s belief that they can simply take Native American property away because they areShow MoreRelatedHow Thanksgiving Is Fast Approaching Essay2360 Words   |  10 PagesThanksgiving, they will be sitting out in the freezing cold, protesting the Dakota Access Pipeline to protect their land and the lan d of millions of people. THESIS: The Dakota Access Pipeline will cause devastating effects for the Indigenous Peoples. While the economic outputs of the pipeline will benefit the local government, the environmental effects and cultural devastation far outweigh the financial inputs. The systemic racism Native Americans face greatly affects them to this day. The fact that theyRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pages2—5 indicates, other managers must provide data for the HR specialists to analyze. In turn, those managers need to receive data from the HR unit. Because top managers are responsible for overall strategic planning, they usually ask the HR unit to project the human resources needed to implement overall organizational goals. HR Planning in Evolving Small and Entrepreneurial Organizations HR management and ultimately HR planning are critical in small and entrepreneurial organizations. â€Å"People problems†

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth - 1587 Words

Global climate change is having disastrous effects on the planet and it is too late to change many of these impacts. However, there are some that can be limited by changes humans make in their daily lives. There is scientific evidence that shows how global warming is impacting the Earth. One example is how the global temperature has risen a few tenths of a degree (Sandor 2004). This may not sound like much but it can have huge effects on the plant life, like trees blooming earlier which in return affects animal life and more (Sandor 2004). Global climate change is mainly caused by the greenhouse effect and human activity and the impacts will eventually lead to devastation unless the current solutions are implemented. In order to prove†¦show more content†¦There has been a 0.74 degree Celsius rise in the mean temperature since the preindustrial times (Warren 2008). Some of the warmest years in history have been experienced within the past 20 years (Warren 2008). As a result o f the warming global temperature, ocean temperatures have also risen within the past decade. Oceans have absorbed a considerable amount of the atmospheric heat which has a lasting impact. An example is the Antarctic Peninsula, which has had an increase in temperature of around 2.5 degrees Celsius throughout the nineteenth century (Hughes 2000). The last effect that shows the scientific evidence on the global climate change is shrinking ice. It has been seen that an ice pack in the Arctic has reduced by 9% in 1990 compared when it was measured in 1980 (Hughes 2000). Also, glaciers in Europe have lost around 40% of their surface area (Hughes 2000). It has been seen that glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world because of the increased temperatures. These are the four main impacts that show the scientific evidence to prove that global climate change is occurring in our society. There is a range of possible causes for global climate change; however, there are two main ones that are the most realistic with backup support. These include the greenhouse effect and human activity. The greenhouse effect is the warming from trapped heat which is radiating from Earth to space

Essay on Shopping Malls - 1307 Words

Shopping Malls Since industrialization pulled off the farm into the factory, department stores were invented and advertisement emerged. This caused consumerism to become a fundamental base of our culture. If consumerism had become a religion, well its temple would probably be shopping malls. Malls turned out to be the central institution of our modern consumer culture. Its environment is full of advertisement and lures which takes the consumer ¡Ã‚ ¦s soul into the  ¡Ã‚ §temptation to buy ¡Ã‚ ¨ world. The following essay will analyze the techniques that malls use in order to keep customers inside, the reason why different malls appeal to different people and the influence they have on the landscape of their community. Shopping malls use many†¦show more content†¦An area reserved for Santa Claus and his elves will often be installed in the center of the mall where children would be invited to take pictures with Santa, and where free samples of candies and Christmas gift are given out to attract as many children as possible. During this time of the year, the business hours of the mall change in order to facilitate people who work all day and permit them to shop for their Christmas gift. Christmas Sales and Annual Sidewalk Sales are very popular and everyone waits for that period of the year to get the best deal ever. In Canada, a special shopping day was introduced and is called Boxing Day, which is the day after Christmas. The purpose of this day is to allow shop owners to liquidate all of their Christmas items in order to renew their merchandise. Setting different atmosphere on different period of the year is a very good attempt to draw in more customers. The malls hallways are set up strategically in a sort of maze which forms a communal space controlling the flow of traffic. It is done in a certain way that permits shoppers to pass through every store and can then compare their thoughts and ideas with those presented in the store ¡Ã‚ ¦s windows. It has actually been proven that many people go to malls just to window shop rather than having the actual intent to buy.Show MoreRelatedShopping Malls5817 Words   |  24 PagesMARKETING MANAGEMENT SHOPPING MALL 1 MARKETING PROJECT ON SHOPPING MALL NAME: MRINMOY CHAUDHURY ENROLMENT NO: 011102003 PROGRAM: PGDIB 02 Term : 6 2 Contents 1. Introduction Pg. no. 4 What is a shopping mall? ................................................. Advantage and disadvantage Brief history Type of shopping malls Components 2. Objective†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9 What are the key factors which is making shopping mall hugely successful? Effect of shopping malls on the small retailersRead MoreShopping Malls1248 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION A shopping mall is a building or group of buildings that contains stores. The stores are connected by walkways so that consumers can easily walk between the stores. Malls can be built in an enclosed or open-air format. These malls have brought a new revolution in the world of shopping. Nowadays shopping is no longer limited to buying stuff that you require but now it has extended its sense to have lip smacking food along with enjoyment, fun, refreshment and entertainment. In malls all theseRead MoreShopping Mall4528 Words   |  19 Pagesthis study. The literature review cover the shopping behaviour, shopping value, consumer’s decision making styles, perceived shopping mall image, shopping mall brand loyalty and consumer segmentation. The conceptual framework of this study will be explained in the end of this chapter. 2.1 Shopping behaviour This section is attempts to provide an explanation on consumer shopping behaviour by review the previous study on the previous literature. Shopping is one of the distinct activities of consumerRead MoreThe World in a Shopping Mall1856 Words   |  8 PagesIn this world today, we as Americans live and survive on the presents of malls. Malls now are enacted into our way of living, our ability to consume the standards of social and economic impacts brought on by malls have and will continue to alter the composition of day to day survival. Margaret Crawford’s article (â€Å"the World in a Shopping Mall†) breaks down how the world is placed within a shopping mall, and because of this, the impacts that have resulted from the world being placed in such a situationRead MoreThe Prospect Of Shopping Malls1342 Words   |  6 PagesPaper Topic: The Prospect of Shopping Malls in the United States. 1. Need Analysis Nowadays, online shopping has became a extremely popular tendency, especially in the younger group, those who Post-80s and Post-90s. As the shopping malls are getting less and less prosperous and bustling, some argued that entity shops would eventually replaced by the online stores. Even some people think that stores will disappear within the next two decades. What is way out of the mall on earth in the future? ByRead MoreShopping At An Outlet Mall860 Words   |  4 Pages 1. One of the themes of this chapter is that shopping at an outlet mall is work, not leisure. What is meant by this? 1. Chapter 4 suggests that shopping at an outlet mall is work, rather than leisure, in several ways. First, Shell mentions that outlet malls are located well outside population centers. This causes would be shoppers to drive sometimes an hour or more to shop at an outlet mall. She mentions that â€Å"visiting the outlets demands an investment in time, deliberation, and energy beyondRead MoreSynopsis on Shopping Mall1121 Words   |  5 PagesA SYNOPSIS ON To study the potential of shopping mall with special reference to Rewa city: Year 2011-2012 Submitted to Dr.AtulPandey Professor in-charge of BBA Programme Under the guidance ofMrs. Shikha Singh ChauhanFaculty of BBA | Submitted ByJaya PanjwaniB.B.A. (VIth Sem.) | Department of Business Administration A.P.S.U. Rewa (M.P.) Read MoreShopping Mall as a Leisure Destnation3286 Words   |  14 PagesSHOPPING MALL AS A LEISURE DESTINATION SUFIAN HAMAT SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA, PENANG SUPERVISOR: DR. NURWATI BADARUZZAMAN ASSOC. PROF. DR ABDUL GHAFAR e-mail: Sufian@iiu.edu.my Shopping mall has become part of a ‘way of life’. The place is a destination frequented by many levels and age groups of people during leisure time and weekends. The intentions of going to the mall now are no longer confined to shoppingRead MoreShopping Malls Are Becoming Extinct948 Words   |  4 Pageswonder what your favorite mall will look like if it was replaced by an empty lot? How would you feel? Approximately 60 years ago when shopping malls were first built, it was expected to be â€Å"the gleaming symbols of America’s future.† Shopping malls were created to lure customers from the city into the suburbs; thus allowing shopping be done under one roof. However, according to recent studies conducted by Green Street Advisors, 10 percent of the nation’s 1,000 enclosed malls will fail by 2022. AlthoughRead MoreShopping Mall (Research Project)10466 Words   |  42 PagesON MARKET RESEARCH ON SHOPPING MALL IN NCR A report submitted to U.P. Technical University for the partial Fulfilment of MBA Degree 2009-11 Submitted To:|Submitted By:| || Greater Noida Institute of Technology (MBA Institute), Code: 272 7, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida (U.P) 2009-11 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Research Project Report entitled Marketing Research on Shopping Mall in NCR being submitted by†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦fulfillment of the requirement of U.P.Technical

Comparison Between Light And Dark Essay - 1331 Words

I observed that the author of 1 John often uses stark dichotomies to set clear examples for the audience. These include light/dark, love/hate, truth/error, and God/evil. In 1 John 2:7, the author states the he is not writing a new commandment, but an old one that they have always had. In the next verse, the author writes, â€Å"On the other hand, I am writing a new commandment to you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I wonder what the author means with this contrast, it almost seems contradictory. I know that one of these commandments comes from John 13:34, where Jesus commands that we love one another, but I am still unclear about the â€Å"not a new commandment/new commandment† comparison. I need more contextual clues to solve this question. In 1 John 2:8, the author begins to use the comparison between light and dark. I observed that the author says to his audience that the darkness is passing away and the true light already shines. In cotext, the audience knows that the light refers to 1 Joh n 1:5, where the author writes, â€Å"God is light and there is no darkness in him at all.† In light of this passage, it seems the author is saying that his audience is growing closer to God and, thus, the darkness in them is â€Å"passing away† as well. In essence, they are becoming more like God. This relates back to the first verse of my close reading where the author says, â€Å"the one who claims to remain in him ought to live in the same way as he lived.† From here, the author ties the whole section together by relating his wordsShow MoreRelatedRomeo And Juliet by William Shakespeare967 Words   |  4 PagesRomeo and Juliet the beauty and ardour of young love is seen by Shakespeare as the irradiating glory of sunlight and starlight in a dark work. Discuss the techniques that Shakespeare would have used to capture this dominating image of light. In the time of Shakespeare, his plays would have been performed during the day, using natural light from the open centre of the theatre. Since there could be no dramatic lighting and there was very little scenery or props, ShakespeareRead MoreImagery, Symbolism and Motif in Heart of Darkness1053 Words   |  5 PagesArguably the biggest motif explored in Heart of Darkness is that of ‘Light’ and ‘Darkness’. Conrad’s use of ‘light’ and ‘darkness’ imagery is reflected through devices such as setting and atmosphere. The extract begins rich with imagery as Marlow talks of the â€Å"Light† that â€Å"came out of this river†, emphasising the idea that through invasion, the Romans diminished the â€Å"darkness that was here yesterday† in their brief â€Å"flicker† of light. This almost suggests what is to come, not only of the invasion ofRead MoreThe Effect Of Color On Perceived Sweetness Ratings Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagesvariable: liquid sample colour and the dependent variable: perceived sweetness rating. Participants were 95 undergraduate students taking a 100-level psychology paper. The study found that light red samples were perceived as sweeter than dark red, and that light green samples were perceived as sweeter than dark green. These findings suggest that colour does have an effect on the perception of taste.  What is the Effect of Colour on Perceived Sweetness? Previous psychological research has attemptedRead MoreAnalysis Of Leo Tolstoy s The Devil s The White City 1727 Words   |  7 PagesAll the vanity, all the charm, all of the beauty of life is made up of light and shadow, an idea put forth by Leo Tolstoy in 1873 within his novel Anna Karenina. Eric Larson expands upon this idea with in his historically intriguing novel The Devil In The White City, a story of murder, magic, and madness at the fair that changed America. The novel focuses mainly on the coincidental correlation of events between H.H.Holmes, America s first serial killer, and Daniel Burnham, the main architectRead MoreTheme Of Light And Dark In Romeo And Juliet1359 Words   |  6 PagesLight and dark is one of the most common motifs that is used in many famous literary works, especially Shakespeare’s. In the most subtle ways, he uses light and dark to highlight important events that shape the play Romeo and Juliet. The main characters are star-crossed lovers wh o have to keep their marriage a secret from their families. They come from families that fight with one another and can never keep peace. The play begins with the tragic ending, telling us what happens from the start. InRead MoreArt Work Comparison the Oxbow Ejira1064 Words   |  5 PagesIn Thomas Cole’s The Oxbow he depicts a landscape in the aftermath of a storm. Contrasting darkness into light a clear view is given of the remnants of the storm shown by dark clouds and gnarled trees and metamorphoses into the bright and sunny New England countryside. In comparison Hokusai’s Ejira in Suruga Province, also a landscape but shown in a different perspective. Where The Oxbow is seemingly calm and contained, Ejira In Suruga Province is a flurry of motion its’ inhabitants scurryingRead MoreTaking a Look at Photosynthetic Pigments1522 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Some animals and most plants use photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy. The energy that is created can be stored and is accessed later on by consumers. The consumers of the organisms break bonds while digesting the plant material and the stored energy is released into their perspective systems. The entire process of photosynthesis can be summarized as carbon dioxide and water reacting with light to create sugar, water and oxygen. Although put deceivingly simple termsRead MoreHow The Method Of Growing Food Organically Or Non Organically Affected The Mold Growth Between The Two1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this study was to study how the method of growing food organically or non-organically affected the mold growth between the two. Also, looking at whether or not organic food or non-organic food is healthier for you. Throughout a one week period, data was collected each day by a ranking system on a scale of 1 to 5. The rank gave a number for how much mold grew after one day. 1 meaning no mold and 5 meaning more than 10 spots of mold. The three foods involved in this study were cheeseRead MoreEast of Eden Commentary815 Words   |  4 PagesIn the passage at the beginning of chapter 16, Steinbeck uses color and dehumanization to show different points and make comparisons. Light vs. Dark is one of the oldest symbols of Good vs. Evil, and Steinbeck uses this to create a mood and to steer the reader’s thoughts subconsciously towards darkness and the differences between Samuel and Cathy. Steinbeck’s animalization of Cathy shows her characterization as sly and untrustworthy. Also due to his description of the scene it seems mystical and

The Amendment Of The United States Constitution - 1323 Words

The 4th Amendment to the United States Constitution was added as part of the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1791. It deals with protecting people from the searching of their homes and private property without properly executed search warrants. The 4th Amendment specifically states: â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† Our founders believed that freedom from government intrusion into one’s home was a natural right, one granted from God. During†¦show more content†¦These actions by the British Crown would be one the precipitating factors leading to the American Revolution and the eventual forming of our Constitution. When the 4th Amendment became part of the Constitution, it was only applied to the federal government. It was later a applied to the states through the Due process clause of the 14th Amendment. There are many exceptions to the 4th Amendment right to have a proper search warrant issued before a search or seizure of private property can be conducted. There are a variety of exceptions but there are two in particular that most people are affected by. A police officer may conduct a pat down search on someone if that officer has observed someone engaging in behavior that would give the officer reasonable, articulable suspicion that a crime has or is being committed. The second is if a police officer sees someone committing a crime, or believes that he or she has probable cause to suspect someone has committed a crime, the officer may arrest the suspect without a warrant. II. Civil Forfeiture Civil Forfeiture is a process by which the government can take cash, cars, homes, and other property suspected of being involved in criminal activity. With civil forfeiture, the property owner doesn t have to be charged or convicted of a crime on order for him or her to permanently lose their property; it is considered one of the greatest threats to property rights in the nation today. In 42 states, law enforcement gets to

Kroger Is Building Grocery Store Of Future â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Kroger Is Building Grocery Store Of Future? Answer: Introduction This assignment has been executed over the topic Managing and Leading Strategic Change in which discussion has been made regarding the challenges faced due to the changes taking place in the environment of the business. An industry has been selected for the purpose of analysing the changes affecting the operations of industry and the manner in which these challenges are dealt with by the managers or leaders. The future approach has been applied for identifying the impact and influence changes in the environment on the business. Ideas and theories have been applied for responding to the challenges faced by the business due to the changing environment. Select and justify an appropriate focus for the briefing document. (i.e. chosen sector/industry etc.). According to Durvasula Lysonski (2010), aspects of the business environment are changing due to various reasons. It is vital for organizations to identify these changing requirements and implement strategies for coping with the changing aspects. Every industry is getting affected due to the changing business environment. The retail industry has been selected for this assignment. Reasons behind the selection of retail industry are the increasing scope of the industry and its direct communication or interaction with the end users. There is a need to adopt strategies for implementing changes which results in a change in the manner retail sector is operating. There are various challenges which are being faced by the retail sector. These challenges are the result of a change in the environment in which business exists. There are various factors which create an impact on the success of the retail sector. These factors include store factors, prices, the supply chain of the retail company, technology used, service factors and merchandise (Nsimbi, et. al., 2015). The retail sector is directly dealing with the end users and faces challenges which are the result of changing aspects of the environment. Retail sector need to analyse these changes and analyse the impact of these changes on the performance of the retail sector. The retail industry has faced challenges due to the increase in the use of internet retailing. 100 % population of Singapore is living in the urban areas. Reasons behind the growth of the retail industry of Singapore are increasing population, increasing purchasing power, change in the trends, economic growth and entry of international companies in the Singapore retail market. Per capita income of Singapore is high which has contributed towards the growth of the retail sector of Singapore (Gunnion, 2017). The retail market needs to analyse the changes in the environment in which it exists on a regular basis. Every industry must analyse the changes for ensuring that these changes are not creating negative impact on the performance of business. Key challenges which are being faced by the retail industry are the management of data, technological innovations and many more. It is vital to comply with the changing requirements of the business environment for gaining competitive advantage (Lee, 2013). Using a future approach, research and identify the significant trends and drivers of change that are likely to influence and impact on organizations operating within the chosen sector/ industry. Changing aspects of the business environment have the potential to create an impact on the operations of the retail industry. These trends and drivers for change are discussed below: Economic downturn: economic conditions of a country changes due to which operations of the business may get affected. Economic conditions may get changed due to the change in the interest rates, inflation rates, taxes, demand and supply, exchange rates and recession (Teh, 2016). Economic changes which are taking place in a country are not in the control of an industry as these depend on inflation, unemployment rates and GDP. Economic downturn results in decline in the profits, affects research and development process of companies, fall in the stocks and impact on the quality of goods or services. For example, the economic downturn has created an impact on the profits of Tesco. Profits of Tesco in 2008 were 1.45bn and in 2009 were 1.46bn (Hall Fletcher, 2009). Political and legal pressure: change in the labour laws, work place safety laws and rules and regulations formulated for regulating the actions of retail industry can result in adverse impact on the operations of a business. Political and legal frameworks are set by the government of the country so as to regulate the operations of the different industries. Non-compliance to these frameworks set by the government can result in fine or penalties against the companies and closure of the business. For example, an audit was conducted on the Factory of Apple in China. In that audit, it was identified that the employees were not paid for the overtime, working for excess hours, interference of management in the matters of trade unions and failure in matching healthy and safety standards (Garside, 2012). Technology innovation: technological changes are taking place at a very fast speed which has resulted in adverse impact on the operations of companies. The increase in the number of people using the internethas affected the offline stores of the retail industry (Teh, 2016). Innovations are implemented for enhancing the effectiveness of the operations and reducing burden of the business. Technological changes can result in increase in the competition in the industry and operations of the business. For example Kroger, a retail company has started operating through a mobile app and online ordering platforms for attracting customers and enhancing the customer base (Taylor, 2015). Improvement in the structure of company: structural changes can affect different departments of the company at large. These changes must be dealt in an effective manner for ensuring that it doesnt create an adverse impact on the functioning of the business (Tudor, 2014). Structural changes are implemented for utilizing the resources available in an effective and efficient manner. Change in the structure of the company takes place due to the change in market place, change in the process and duplication of job. This change in the structure helps business in preparing for the change in policies. Increasing competition: competition is increasing as new entrants are entering the market and attracting customers towards them. Companies have started using innovative technologies, strategies including discounting or offers for gaining a competitive advantage over the others in the industry. Competition cannot be controlled as new entrants are entering the market with a motive to earn profit. Competition promotes better employment opportunities which contribute towards better economy. This change will result in better quality products and services for the customers and may promote unfair practices in the industry for gaining competitive advantage over the others. For example, Amazon is operating online shopping service to its customers which have helped in gaining a competitive advantage over its competitors including Target and Wal-Mart (Levy, 2016). Socio-culture change: change in the needs and demand of customers due to the change in the trend can also affect the operations of the business. Products and services are being offered as per the needs and demands of the customers (Teh, 2016). Change in the needs and demands can be analyzed so as to cope with the change and enhancing the performance of the business. This can create impact on performance of the company. For example, Wal-Mart has changed its business strategy so as to attract the customers. Change in the business strategy was due to the increase in the level of competition and meeting the changing demands of the customers. Everyday low prices strategy was adopted by Wal-Mart (Dudovskiy, 2016) Given the trends identified above identify two or three key areas of change that managers/leaders within organizations may be required to work with. There are various changes which must be analyzed by business for improving the performance of the business. Managers or leaders need to deal with these changes or trends so as to eliminate the adverse impact of these changes or trends on the performance of the business. Coping with the changes or trends taking place in the business environment contributes towards the enhanced performance of the organization. Major areas of change which managers need to work with include political or legal pressure, technological innovations and structural changes. Change in the rules and regulations formulated for guiding the actions of companies need to be analyzed and adopted by the companies. Managers need to comply with the changing legal aspects formulated for ensuring the operations of business within the legal framework. Various laws have been formulated for the health and safety of the employees at the workplace which must be followed by the companies for eliminating any strict action against the company (Azam, 2014). Managers must ensure that company is complying with the changing rules and regulations. For example, changes have been made in the Companies Act of Singapore which has been implemented from 31st March 2017. The motive behind the implementation of this change in the companies act is to encourage transparency in the ownership rights and control of the business entities. Non-compliance with the rules and regulations can affect the operations of the business (Quah, 2017). Technology is changing at a very fast speed and it is crucial for a business to cope with this changing technology. Managers must ensure that technological advancements are implemented in the organization so as to enhance the individual as well as overall performance (Saunders, 2016). Innovations are being implemented by the companies for matching up with the expectations of the customers. Innovations enhance the chances of growth and success by providing opportunities to the business. The level of flexibility of customers has increased with the use of mobile and online information technology (Reinartz, et. al., 2011). Managers must provide training to the employees for coping with the changing technology which enhances their performance e and contributes towards the organizational growth. This can provide a competitive advantage to the companies over their competitors in the market. Structural change is another important area of change which a manager needs to deal with. There are various challenges which are being faced by the retail sector which encourages companies to change the structure of the company. These challenges include an increase in the use of the internet for attracting customers and developing a customer base, change in the employee structure and management of increasing employee base. Managers need to adopt strategies for coping with these challenges related to the structure of the company. Structural changes prepare the business for the changes taking place in the business environment. These changes can affect the growth prospects of the business (Wagner Orvis, 2013). Summary Thus, it can be concluded that every industry faces various challenges due to the changing aspects or trends of the business environment. A business environment is a dynamic place where changes take place at a very fast speed. The retail sector is implementing approaches and strategies for coping with the changing aspects and trends of the business environment. Various changing aspects and trends which act as a challenge include increasing use of the internet, changing technology, change in the competition level, change in the economic conditions, change in the legal and political aspects, structural changes in the organisation and change in the socio-culture factors. These changing aspects and trends have the potential to create positive as well as negative impact on the performance of the business. Managers need to analyse these changes so as to adopt strategies which eliminate the adverse impacts of these changes on the performance of the business. Managers must utilize these chan ges for enhancing the chances of growth and success of the business. Drawing on the key findings of section 1 you are required to apply ideas and theory from appropriate academic sources in order to evaluate how managers/leaders and organizations may respond effectively to key aspects of the organizational dynamics likely to be generated by the areas of change identified. Organizations are operating in the dynamic business environment. Impact of this dynamic environment can disturb the functioning of the business. There is a need to manage the changes for enhancing the chances of growth and success and grabbing the opportunities available to the business. Different theories and ideas can be applied by the managers and organizations for dealing with the changes taking place in the business environment. These different theories and ideas that can be applied by managers and organizations for coping with the dynamic business environment are discussed below: Nudge theory: nudge theory is an effective and innovative theory of change management which is widely used for coping with the changing business environment. The focus of this theory is on developing an understanding of the manner in which people make decisions and behave (Smith, 2013). Managers can use this theory for coping with the changes which are related to the behaviour and decision making of people. This theory helps the managers in taking better decisions so as to deal with the changing areas of the business management environment. Internal support is required for the implementation of plans for adopting the changes occurring in the business environment. Managers can communicate the proposed change and prepare the employees for implementing the change. Employees get motivated which directs their focus towards the implementation of change. An organization must prepare the internal stakeholders for adopting the changes. Managers can deal with the changes including technologica l innovations, change in the structure and increasing competition. Managers can gain the support of employees which ensures implementation of the change in a proper manner. Force Field Analysis: this theory was developed by an analyst Kurt Lewin which is being used for the purpose of dealing with the resistance to change. According to this theory of Lewin, two opposing forces are there which are driving forces and restraining forces. Driving forces are those forces which provide their support to the need for change and restraining forces are those which resist change and are against the proposal of change. Various factors are being considered in this theory which may act as a driving force or as a restraining force. These different factors include the structure of the organization, behaviour and attitude of the people, resources which are required for implementing change and the events. (Smith, 2013). Analysis of driving factors and restraining factors will help managers and organization to adopt strategies for coping with the factors affecting the decisions of the business. With the help of this theory, driving forces and restraining forces related to the change can be analyzed and strategies can be used for gaining dealing with them. Changes can be implemented in a better manner as the driving forces and restraining forces are known (Wiere, 2013). Managers can use this theory for analysing the factors which act as a driving force and restraining force for the implementation of the change. Managers need to analyze the driving forces and restraining forces for analyzing the forces which can affect the implementation process of the proposed change. This analysis will help the managers in applying measures for dealing with the restraining forces and promoting the driving forces of change. Kotters eight step model: This is an effective model which is used by managers and organizations for implementing the changes required for dealing with changing business environment. Focus in the first step of this model is placed on making employees understand the need to adopt change. There is a need to develop coordination and cooperation among the internal stakeholders of the business for developing a dedication to change. Next step is to set goals and creation of a vision for guiding the efforts in the right direction (Mulder, 2014). In the next step of this model, communication is done for developing an understanding of the need of change. Roles and responsibilities are assigned to employees so as to implement the change required for meeting the need of changing business environment. In the next step, the focus is on the creation of short term goals. Persistence is required for the attainment of the objectives set. The last step is to implement the permanent changes for enhanci ng the chances of growth and survival of the business. Technological changes and change in the structure of the organization can be implemented in an effective manner with the help of this model (Wiere, 2013).This is an effective theory which can be applied for the managers for dealing with the changing aspects of the business environment. This theory can be used for formulating plans for adopting changes and plans can be prepared and executed for the implementation of change in a better manner. Business should formulate and implement the plans in a sequence for adopting changing aspects of the business environment. Managers can prepare plans for dealing with the economic downturn, gaining competitive advantage, implementing technological advancements and change in the structure of company. These plans will be discussed with the employees for executing it in a smooth way. McKinseys 7-S Model: this strategy is suitable for encouraging the growth prospects of the company and analyzing the future prospects as well. There are 7 elements in this model which include strategy, style, staff, skills, structure, shared values and systems. This model helps in formulating plans for the purpose of adopting the changes (Jurevicius, 2013). This model can be applied for analysing the current situation or performance of the business, proposed future situation or performance and the gaps between the current situation and proposed future situation. This model can be used by the managers for dealing with the changing structure of the organization, political and legal pressure on the organization and adopting the technological advancements. This theory will help managers in analyzing the impacts of the proposed changes on the performance of the company. Managers can formulate a plan which will include strategy for dealing with the change, staffing manner, structure adopte d, system followed and values to be followed for implementing the proposed change. Constant innovation: another idea or approach which can be adopted by business is constant innovations. Innovation is one of the most important aspects of the business environment. It is vital for a business to implement changes for utilizing the opportunities available to it. Innovations need to be implemented for improving the prformance of the business and coping with dynamic environemnt. Constant innovations can be done in the technology used which will help in dealing with increasing competition (Wiere, 2013). Using this approach will help business in making changes for meeting the requirements of the changing aspects of the business. Business can comply with the new legal rules and regulations formulated and adopt techniques for coping with economic downturn for reducing the cost. Managers can make changes as per the need of the business environment. Managers can change the manner in which operations are performed for meeting with the legal framework set. Thus, it can be concluded that Kotters eight step model and McKinseys 7-S Model are effective theories which can be used by the managers for change management. These models help the managers in preparing plans for making changes in the manner in which business is operating for dealing with the changes. Thus, it can be concluded from the above discussion that changes occurring in the business environment affect the functioning of the business. Managers must apply theories and ideas for dealing with the changes and meeting the requirements of the dynamic business environment. Different theories and ideas are available which can be applied by the managers are Nudge theory, Force field analysis, Kotter's eight step model, McKinseys 7-S Model and constant innovation. The discussion has been made of these theories along with the manner in which these can be used by the managers for the implementation of change for improving the performance of the business. All these theories can be used by the managers as per the need of the business. Managers need to analyse these theories and ideas for the analysis of the suitability of these theories and ideas for the requirement of the business. As a conclusion, the final section requires you to draw on the evaluation and discussion within the briefing document to establish the key elements of learning in terms of approaches, skills and qualities etc. for leading/managing sustainable responses to change. An organisation faces various challenges due to the changing business environment. Every industry faces challenges which can affect the quality of operations of the business. These challenges include a change in the technology used by the business, change in the economic conditions, and change in the availability of resources required for the execution of operations of the business, impact of political and legal pressure, changing socio-culture factors and increasing competition level (Holman, 2016). Different approaches can be used by the managers for dealing with the changes of this dynamic environment in which business exists. Changes take place in the business environment and effective approaches must be applied for dealing with these changing aspects of the business environment. Changes must be accepted as these changes will contribute towards enhancing the quality of the operations of the business (Holman, 2016). Technological innovations must be implemented which enhances the performance of the business. Structural changes must be made in the business so as to adopt the changes taking place in the business environment (Wiere, 2013). Different theories and ideas can be applied which will help retail sector is coping with the changes and focusing on the performance of the business. These theories help in implementing strategies and approaches in a better manner. Different skills and qualities are required for managing the sustainable response to the changes in the business environment. These skills and qualities are as follows: Effective communication: communication process adopted by the business must be effective so as to allocate and explain the roles and responsibilities in a better manner. Communication process must be established in an effective manner it affects the quality of information which is beneficial for the business (Purt, 2012). Knowledge: knowledge of the business environment and the impact of the changes on the business must be developed by the managers and organisation. Managers must possess the knowledge of the changing aspects which will help in the process of decision making (Clay, 2010). Leadership skills: leadership skills will help in guiding the efforts of the resources available with the organisation in the right direction. Utilization of the available resources needs to be done in an effective manner. Leadership skills must be present in the manager so as to ensure that the human resources are effectively utilized for the implementation of changes (Mohin, 2012). Effective monitoring: It is the responsibility of the business to monitor the performance of the business. Monitoring will help in ensuring the dealing with challenges. This will ensure that the efforts of the business are made in right direction. Monitoring needs to be done on different aspects so as to promote better adaptability to the changes affecting the functioning of business (Clay, 2010). Dealing with resistance to change: resistance may be faced by the employees as employees may not feel comfortable with the changes. Training needs to be provided to the employees so as to train them for adopting the changes and gaining their support for implementing the changes (Purt, 2012). This section has focused on discussing the variety of challenges faced by the business due to the change in the aspects of business environment. These challenges create a huge impact on the performance of the business. Managers have to adopt measures for coping with the changing aspects for the survival and growth of the business. There is a need to apply theories and ideas for ensuring that these challenges are not affecting the performance of the business. Managers need to possess certain qualities and skills for coping with the challenges in a better manner. These skills and qualities include effective communication, leadership skills, motivational skills for coping with resistance, knowledge and effective monitoring. All these skills enhance the capabilities of the manager and help in dealing with the changes in a better manner. Conclusion The businessenvironment is dynamic and organizations need to adopt strategies for ensuring the execution of the business operations in a better manner. This assignment has discussed the various trends or drivers for change which can affect the manner in which companies are operating. Managers or leaders need to consider these trends or drivers for change so as to cope with them. This assignment is focused on the changing aspects of the environment which need to be analyzed and monitored. Various strategies have been discussed which can help managers in overcoming the challenges Critical review For the survival of the business in this dynamic business environment, it is vital to implement changes as per the changing aspects of the changing business environment. According to Teh (2016), these changing aspects of the business environment are change in the technology used, increasing role of the internet in business, change in the structure, the economic condition of the country, socio-culture factors and increasing competition. Various theories can be applied by the managers for dealing with these challenges. Nudge theory is used by the managers for the analysis of the behaviour of the people and the manner in which people make decisions. This theory can be used by managers for the analysis of the response of the employees towards the change and the decisions taken by them for implementing change (Smith, 2013). Force field analysis is used by the managers so as to analyse the different forces which can affect the implementation process of the change. These different forces ca n be driving forces which help in the better implementation of the change and restraining forces which resist the implementation of change (Wiere, 2013). Kotters eight step model is an eight step model, which can be used the managers for formulating plans for the implementation of the changes in an effective manner. Managers of the retail sector need to analyse the changes and formulate plans for ensuring the implementing change without any adverse impact on the process (Mulder, 2014). McKinseys 7-S Model is an effective model which helps in the analysis of the chances of growth of the business and making assumptions for the future performance of the business (Jurevicius, 2013). Another idea is the use of constant innovations for enhancing the performance and effectiveness of the operations of the business. Innovations ensure improved performance which reduces the burden of the managers. Managers need to develop skills and qualities for the management of the operations of the busine ss in a better manner. These qualities include developing communication skills, leadership skills, improving knowledge and monitoring the performance (Purt, 2012). References Azam, S., 2014, Perceived Environmental factors and the Intention to adopt a standard business reporting facility: a survey of Australian Corporate CFOs, Asian Academy Of Management Journal Of Accounting And Finance, Vol. 10, No. 2, 147173. Clay, B., 2010, Six Characteristics of Highly Effective Change Leaders, Innovation excellence. Douglas, H., 2016, Managing People in Organization, Accounting. Dudovskiy, J., 2016, Walmart Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, Research methodology. Durvasula, S. Lysonski, S., 2010, Diagnosing Service Quality in Retailing: The Caseof Singapore, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 1. Garside, J., 2012, Apple's factories in China are breaking employment laws, audit finds, The guardian. Gunnion, L., 2017, Singapore: Plans for a future economy face challenges, Deloitte University Press. Hall, J. Fletcher, R., 2009, Tesco profits hit by economic downturn, The Telegraph. Holman, S., 2016, Adapting to Change in a Rapidly Changing Business Environment, Linkedin. Jurevicius, O., 2013, McKinsey 7s Model, Strategic management insight. Kotter International, 2017, 8-Step process, Kotter International. Lee, B. L., 2013, Productivity Performance of Singapores RetailSector: A Two-Stage Non-Parametric Approach, Economic Analysis Policy, Vol. 43 No. 1. Levy, A., 2016, Nobody talks about Amazon's true competitive advantage, Business insider. Mohin, T., 2012, 9 skills for success in corporate sustainability leadership, Green Biz. Mulder, P., 2014, Kotters 8 Step Change Model, Tools Hero. Nsimbi, C. P., Makgosa, R., Themba, G. Iyanda, O., 2015, Modern Retailing and its Implications for Developing Countries: Insights from Retail Managers, Journal Title Business Management and Strategy, Vol. 6, No. 1. Purt, J., 2012, What qualities do future leaders need to meet the challenges of the 21st century?, The guardian. Quah, M., 2017, Changes to Companies Act take effect March 31, Business Times. Reinartz, W., Dellaert, B., Krafft, M., Kumar, V. Varadarajan, R., 2011, Retailing Innovations in a Globalizing Retail Market Environment, Journal of Retailing, S53S66. Saunders, L., 2016, Digital Transformation in the Retail Sector: challenges opportunities, Econsultancy. Smith, C., 2013, Important Theories of Change Management, Change. Taylor, K., 2015, Kroger is building the grocery store of the future, Business insider. Teh, A., 2016, 5 retail trends to expect from Singapore, Tech in Asia. Tudor, L., 2014, Change Management Challenge and operations for Sustainable Development of Romanian Companies, Proceedings of the 8th International Management Conference. Wagner, M. Orvis, W., 2013, Changing Structures and Behaviors at Walgreens, Strategy business. Wiere, M., 2013, 5 Strategies Organizations can Leverage to Survive and Thrive in Todays Dynamic Business Environment, Marie Wiere.

Mammography X-ray and Breast Tissue free essay sample

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered x-rays while working with a Crookes tube in his laboratory on November 8, 1895. Eighteen years later mammography got its rudimentary beginnings due to these ionizing x-rays. In 1913, Berlin Albert Soloman, a German surgeon, was among the first to discover that breast cancer could be radiographed. In a 1927 medical textbook the first instance of a radiograph of a living person’s breast taken by Otto Kleinschmidt was published. Although these recordings of mammography appeared in early years, it wasn’t until the late 50’s that it was popularized by Robert Egan, from the United States and Professor Charles M. Gros, from Germany. These men started using mammography for the diagnosis and evaluation of breast cancer. With this popularity of mammography came vast improvements with technology. Before 1969, many machines were not designed for imaging exclusively breast tissue. For example, imaging units from the past were comprised of tungsten targets, which were primarily used for imaging anatomy that required relatively higher doses of radiation. These units also worked off of a large focal spot which decreases the detail of the image. This was not ideal for imaging something as minute as a breast calcification. In the 60’s direct exposure x-ray film was the film of choice. This film often required a long exposure time which causes a higher dose of radiation to the patient and increased motion blur. Some units utilized substandard compression paddles that didn’t distribute pressure evenly, which produced a radiograph with uneven contrast. This all resulted in a poor diagnostic film. In 1969 dedicated mammography units were employed with low kilovoltage x-ray tubes and molybdenum targets making the units more efficient in x-ray production. The dedicated mammography units have more latitude for positioning as well as minimal discomfort for the patient. Smaller focal spots for imaging little objects with increased detail were also designed. These units were accompanied with their own compression cone. Industrial grade, high-detail film became available that year also. Xeromammography became popular by John Wolfe and Ruzicka in the 60’s. This type of mammography greatly reduced the radiation dose received by the patient compared to the earlier direct film and was easier to understand and evaluate. 1972 was a turning point for mammography when Dupont announced their production of higher-resolution faster speed x-ray films in conjunction with intensifying screens. These intensifying screens contained calcium tungstate phosphor materials that convert x-rays into light. This concept caused the film to be exposed with less radiation, therefore reducing the amount of radiation to the patient. Rare earth elements, a faster, more efficient phosphor, began replacing the use of calcium tungstate in 1976, making this intensifying screen combination the most efficient combination until early 2000. In 1990, a number of advances were employed including: grid technique, emphasis on compression, high-frequency generators, and automatic exposure controls. In the early 2000’s digital technology was incorporated with mammography. It replaced the screen-film system with a charged-coupled device (CCD). The CCD converts visible light photons to electrons. Electrons are sent to a computer where it is converted into a digital format and a radiographic image is produced on a CRT monitor. Together these developments have given mammography the ability to produce diagnostic radiographic images with greater detail and considerably reduced patient radiation dose. Digital mammography has given the physicians the capability to adjust contrast, transmit images, and to magnify suspicious areas of the breast. This technology has also given the radiologist the capacity to digitally mark areas of concern directly onto the digitalized image which is conveniently stored on the computer for easy retrieval for the next mammogram for comparison. A mammography unit is a rectangular box that houses a vacuum tube in which x-rays are produced. The unit is designed to rotate to optimally image all angles of the breast tissues. These units are integrated with a compression device that firmly holds the breast in place. This act of flattening the breast is extremely important to improve optical density, contrast, and spatial resolution and lower the patient’s radiation dose. Most importantly, to ensure that small abnormalities won’t be covered by overlying breast tissue. In routine screening procedures, each breast should be screened using the craniocaudal (CC) and mediolateral oblique (MLO) projections; however, there are 13 projections that can be performed. Once the breast is positioned, a low dose of ionizing radiation is sent through the tissue from the vacuum tube to produce black and white images of the tissue on x-ray film. Different parts of the body absorb the x-rays in varying degrees. Bone absorbs much of the radiation while soft tissue allows more of the x-ray to pass through. As a result, bones appear white on an x-ray, soft tissue shows up in shades of gray and air appears black. Therefore, a dense microcalcification of the breast will appear whiter than the rest of the breast tissue. For that reason both breasts are examined for comparison purposes. Once the screening is complete, the radiologist looks for evidence of cancer or non-cancerous conditions that may require further testing, follow-up or treatment by looking at the density and shapes of the tissues on the radiograph. Their findings could include things such as calcium deposits in ducts and other tissues, masses or lumps, distorted tissues or dense areas appearing in only one breast and/or that have appeared since last mammogram. Calcifications can be the result of cell secretions, cell debris, inflammation, trauma, previous radiation or foreign bodies. Tiny, irregular deposits with sharp edges called microcalcifications may be associated with cancer. Larger, coarser deposits called macrocalcifications may be caused by a benign condition known as fibroadenoma. Dense areas indicate tissue with many glands and can make calcifications and masses more difficult to identify. They could also represent cancer. Distorted areas suggest tumors that may have invaded tissues. If any of these abnormal conditions are found the patient is referred for further testing, possibly a diagnostic mammogram, MRI, ultrasound or a biopsy. Radiation safety is a concern with all parties involved. The doctor and the technologist should see that proper safety guidelines are adhered to so that the benefits of the exam far outweigh the risk of radiation. Mammogram screenings should begin at the age of 40, unless a patient possesses high risk factors. The American College of Radiology, the American Cancer Society, and the American Medical Association recommend annual mammography screenings at least every other year for women between the ages of 40 and 49 and yearly thereafter. High risk factors put a patient at an increased risk of developing cancer and should begin screenings at an earlier age. These factors include but not limited to: early onset of menses, immediate family members with a history of cancer and a first born child after the age of 30. The patient should always be assessed for the possibility of pregnancy. Depending on the stage in development of the fetus radiation could cause birth and genetic defects that can be passed to the fetus’ offspring. Lead shielding should always be worn at the waist level though pregnancy is not suspected. The technologist should expose only the area of interest to the radiation. This is done by restricting the field size of radiation; this is called collimation. The technologist should also give clear instructions, such as â€Å"don’t move† and â€Å"hold your breath† to reduce the amount radiographs that will need to be repeated because of blurred images due to motion. This will reduce the radiation to the patient. Breast cancer is now a disease that is far from fatal. Because of early, advanced mammography screening procedures, more than 90 % of patients are cured. However there are limitations. Mammograms may present false-positive or false-negative readings about 5-15% of the time. This occurs on occasion because the procedure is not as sensitive for the denser breast tissue such as in younger women. These false readings occur more often in women under age 50. Another setback is that silicone and/or saline breast implants are radiopaque which block breast tissue that would otherwise show up on x-rays, especially if the implant was laid in front of the pectoral muscle instead of beneath it. And lastly, not all of the tumors found by mammography can be cured. Certain types of cancers are aggressive, grow rapidly and metastasize to other parts of the body. Mammography has greatly enhanced the quality of life for women by making it easier for radiologists to detect anomalies in the breast tissue. This makes for a faster and more accurate diagnosis of malignancies so patients can be treated before metastasis occurs to other parts of their body. It has also reduced the radiation dose to the patient and the possibilities of genetic mutations to future generations.